Your lungs bring oxygen into your body and remove carbon dioxide as a waste product. However, air pollution, smoking, and lung diseases can compromise lung function. Specific dietary supplements have been suggested to support lung health through their anti-inflammatory properties.
Supplements that boost lung health range from vitamins to minerals to nutraceuticals and herbs.
1. Vitamin C
Oxidative stress is a prominent contributor to lung infection, and studies show that vitamin C can limit inflammation. An analysis of a group of studies found that vitamin C supplementation significantly lowered the death rate in people with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as well as the severity of the disease. However, large-scale studies are necessary to validate the results.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by progressive airway obstruction. Studies have shown that supplementing vitamin C in people with COPD can improve lung function by decreasing oxidative damage. Larger and more diverse study populations are necessary to clarify the results.
2. Vitamin D
Besides maintaining bone health and aiding calcium absorption, vitamin D is vital for immunity and inflammation.
One study showed that vitamin D3 supplementation did not protect against upper respiratory infections but did protect against moderate or severe COPD exacerbation in those with low blood levels of vitamin D. The study was limited in that vitamin D was dosed intermittently in the trials as opposed to daily. Further studies are necessary to compare the effects of these two dosing regimens on clinical outcomes.
Similarly, a review of the results from a group of studies revealed that vitamin D supplements reduced asthma exacerbation in participants with low blood levels of vitamin D. Further studies are necessary to explore if vitamin D would reduce worsening asthma in those with normal vitamin D levels.
3. Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a potent fat-soluble vitamin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. A review of studies suggests that dietary vitamin E intake may reduce the risk of lung cancer by reducing oxidative stress. The results may not apply to other regions because the studies were limited to America, Europe, and Asia.
Vitamin E supplementation has also been shown to improve lung function in people with exercise-induced asthma, a condition in which the airway narrows during physical activity.
4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
The anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids play a key role in reducing lung inflammation. Several studies have indicated that omega-3 fatty acids improve lung function and reduce the length of stay in intensive care units (ICU) for people with acute lung injury caused by trauma, shock, or serious infection. However, larger studies are necessary to confirm the results.
5. N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is known as an antidote for Tylenol (acetaminophen) overdose and is also a mucolytic (a drug that thins and loosens mucus), anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agent.
Due to its ability to thin mucus, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have approved NAC as a treatment of choice in cystic fibrosis. This genetic disease causes a build-up of thick mucus. In COPD, treatment with NAC has been shown to reduce the worsening of the condition.
Bronchiectasis is a lung condition in which the airways become damaged, increasing the risk of lung infections. Treatment with NAC can reduce airway inflammation and improve lung function. Larger clinical trials are warranted to confirm such promising preliminary results.
Is NAC Legal?
Though the FDA has approved NAC for the treatment of Tylenol overdose and as a mucolytic agent for respiratory diseases, it is also available as an over-the-counter (OTC) supplement. However, according to the FDA, NAC is excluded from the definition of a dietary supplement under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act because it was approved as a drug before it was marketed as a supplement. Even though such a claim from the FDA caused pushback from the dietary supplement industry, NAC is currently sold as a dietary supplement.
6. Magnesium
Though specific asthma guidelines do not recommend the routine use of magnesium sulfate for asthma exacerbations, magnesium sulfate given intravenously (through the vein) can be taken when standard treatments have failed. However, findings on treating acute asthma with intravenous magnesium sulfate are conflicting.
7. Mullein
Mullein has been used in Spanish folk medicine to treat various ailments, including respiratory problems, such as the following:
- Hoarseness
- Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils)
- Cold
- Cough
- Asthma
- Bronchitis (inflammation of the airways)
Mullein’s relief properties may be due to its anti-cough and expectorant (an agent that loosens and thins mucus) effects.
Though rigorous human clinical studies on mullein are necessary, a test-tube study found that mullein extract blocks the growth of bacteria involved in respiratory infections.
8. Boswellia
Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, Boswellia has traditionally been used in folk medicine to treat cough, asthma, and other chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
One study showed that Boswellia reduces the need for inhalation therapy with corticosteroids and medications that help open up the airways in people with asthma, suggesting that Boswellia might help control the inflammation process in asthma.
Laboratory studies indicated that boswellic acids reduce the production of inflammatory markers that destroy lung tissues. Due to its anti-inflammatory activities, Boswellia may be beneficial for preventing lung lesions caused by COVID-19. However, clinical studies are necessary to confirm the results.
9. Probiotics
Emerging evidence suggests a meaningful connection between the gut microbiome and the lungs, called the “gut-lung axis.” In one study, the probiotic formula consisting of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains and Pediococcus acidilactici strain has been shown to reduce COVID-19 symptom duration, viral load, and lung infiltrates. The study subjects were of Hispanic ethnicity; the results may not apply to other populations. Studies involving a diverse population are needed to clarify the results.
Synbiotics, which refer to a combination of probiotics (beneficial live microorganisms) and prebiotics (food for the probiotics), have been found to prevent respiratory tract infections based on a review of several studies. Further studies investigating the optimal doses, types of prebiotics, and probiotic strains are warranted.
10. Quercetin
Naturally found in certain foods such as apples and onions, quercetin is a flavonoid compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In people with COVID-19, supplementation of quercetin phytosome (the form of quercetin with enhanced absorption) has been shown to increase the virus’s clearance, reduce symptom recurrence, and improve disease biomarkers. However, larger and more rigorous studies are necessary to validate these preliminary results.
How to Choose a Lung Supplement
When choosing a lung health supplement, look for independent certifications that verify that the supplements comply with specific quality standards.
It is also essential to read the ingredients to ensure that the supplement does not contain any ingredients you are allergic to and to follow the directions on the label on how to take such a supplement appropriately.
Suppose you have certain medical conditions or take prescription or over-the-counter medications or other dietary supplements. In that case, you may wish to speak with your healthcare provider to check for any disease-supplement, drug-supplement, or supplement-supplement interactions.
Safety and Side Effects
Possible Allergic Reactions
Before taking any supplements for lung health, check the ingredients on the supplement label and avoid any ingredients that you are allergic to.
Precautions
Some people may need to exercise additional caution when taking specific supplements.
- Vitamin C: If you have hemochromatosis, which is a condition that causes the body to store too much iron, high doses of vitamin C could worsen iron overload and damage body tissues.
- Vitamin D: Too much vitamin D can lead to excessive calcium levels in the blood and urine, resulting in kidney stones, kidney failure, and irregular heartbeats.
- Vitamin E: Vitamin E from food is safe. However, high doses from supplements may increase bleeding risk. The recommended upper limit for adults is 1,000 mg/day. However, even lower doses may be harmful.
- Omega-3 fatty acids: High doses of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA (omega-3 fatty acids) may suppress immune function and increase bleeding time. Long-term use of 4 grams per day of omega-3 supplements may increase the risk of atrial fibrillation in those at risk or with heart or blood vessel issues.
- N-acetylcysteine: NAC given through the vein might cause anaphylactoid reactions, such as rash, low blood pressure, wheezing, or shortness of breath.
- Magnesium: The risk of magnesium toxicity from taking very large doses increases with poor kidney function or kidney failure because the kidneys are less able to remove excess magnesium.
- Mullein: Research on the safety of mullein is unclear. To be on the safe side, avoid it if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Boswellia: Boswellia has been noted to increase menstrual flow and, therefore, may cause abortion. Avoid boswellia if you are pregnant.
- Probiotics: If you have a weakened immune system, you should speak with your healthcare provider before taking probiotics due to the risk of blood infections. Because of the risk of infections of the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valve, probiotics should be avoided before dental or surgical procedures if you have damaged heart valves.
- Quercetin: Avoid quercetin supplements if you are pregnant or breastfeeding due to the lack of safety data in such settings. Since quercetin might worsen kidney problems, avoid quercetin if you have kidney problems.
Interactions
Some supplements may interact with medications or other supplements, such as the following:
- Vitamin C: Vitamin C might interact with cancer treatments. If you are undergoing cancer treatments, check with your healthcare provider before taking vitamin C supplements.
- Vitamin D: Because vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, weight-loss drugs such as Xenical and Alli (orlistat) can reduce its absorption.
- Vitamin E: Taking vitamin E with blood thinners such as Jantoven (warfarin) can increase the risk of bleeding. Because vitamin E is an antioxidant, it may impact the effectiveness of cancer treatments.
- Omega-3 fatty acids: Taking high doses of omega-3 fatty acids with blood thinners may increase your bleeding risk.
- N-acetylcysteine: NAC can reduce the elimination of various medications, such as Pravachol (pravastatin), Diovan (valsartan), erythromycin, and others. NAC’s efficacy can decrease when combined with tetracycline, an antibiotic.
- Magnesium: Magnesium can decrease the absorption of Fosamax (alendronate), some antibiotics, and thyroid medications. Diuretics or water pills, such as Lasix (furosemide), can increase magnesium loss in the urine. Acid-suppressing drugs, such as Prilosec (omeprazole), can cause low magnesium levels when taken for prolonged periods. Take magnesium at least two to six hours away from medications.
- Mullein: Information on mullein interactions with medications and other supplements is scarce. Take caution if you take prescription medications.
- Boswellia: A test-tube study showed that boswellia extract changes liver enzymes responsible for the way the body processes medications. The experiment was conducted in a test tube, so the interaction in humans is unclear.
- Probiotics: Take probiotics at least two hours before or after antibiotics to prevent the potential for antibiotics to kill off the probiotics.
- Quercetin: Quercetin might lower blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Take caution when combining it with medications and supplements that also lower these levels.
Side Effects
Some supplements may have side effects, such as the following:
- Vitamin C: The most common side effects of vitamin C are diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps.
- Vitamin D: Vitamin D is generally tolerable, but taking too much can increase calcium levels, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, kidney stones, and more.
- Vitamin E: High doses of vitamin E can cause serious side effects, such as bleeding.
- Omega-3 fatty acids: Common side effects of omega-3 supplements include an unpleasant taste, bad breath, heartburn, and more.
- N-acetylcysteine: Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of NAC.
- Magnesium: Taking too much magnesium can cause diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramping.
- Mullein: Lab studies show that mullein can have sedative effects. Whether such an effect applies to humans is unclear, but take caution if you take medications or other supplements that make you feel drowsy or sleepy.
- Boswellia: No serious side effects were observed in the studies. However, more studies are warranted to examine its safety.
- Probiotics: Gas is a minor side effect of probiotics.
- Quercetin: Some studies of quercetin reported nausea, headache, mild tingling, and stomach complaints.
Lifestyle Tips to Support Lung Health Alongside Supplements
Besides taking supplements, you can implement lifestyle tips to support lung health, including the following:
- Avoid smoking and vaping.
- Avoid secondhand smoke.
- Reduce exposure to air pollutants.
- Wear a mask if you are sick or around those who are sick.
- Exercise regularly.
- Maintain a well-balanced diet.
- Ensure adequate hydration.
- Practice deep breathing.
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Contact your healthcare provider if you experience any breathing problems or symptoms related to a lung condition.
Some symptoms to watch out for include:
- Chronic cough
- Shortness of breath
- Chronic mucus production
- Wheezing
- Coughing up blood
- Chronic chest pain
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate dietary supplements the way it regulates prescription medications. As a result, some supplement products may not contain the ingredients listed on the label. When choosing a supplement, look for products independently tested or certified by organizations such as NSF, U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP), or ConsumerLab.com. For personalized guidance, consult your healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Summary
Most of the supplements that support lung health exert their benefit through decreasing inflammation. However, more human clinical studies are needed to evaluate their safety.
Discussing your breathing symptoms with your healthcare provider and incorporating some healthy lifestyle changes to help support your lung health is important.
Exploring Supplements That Support Lung Health
The lungs play a critical role in maintaining overall health by facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, factors such as air pollution, smoking, and respiratory diseases can adversely affect lung function. Fortunately, certain dietary supplements may provide supportive benefits for lung health, primarily through their anti-inflammatory properties.
Key Supplements for Lung Health
A wide range of supplements, including vitamins, minerals, herbs, and nutraceuticals, have been linked to enhancing respiratory function. Below, we highlight several key supplements that may promote lung health:
1. Vitamin C
Vitamin C is essential for combatting oxidative stress, which can lead to lung infections. Research indicates that vitamin C supplementation may lower mortality rates and severity in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may experience improved lung function with vitamin C intake, though more extensive studies are necessary for conclusive evidence.
2. Vitamin D
This vitamin is crucial not only for bone health but also for immune function. Some studies suggest that vitamin D3 might mitigate severe COPD exacerbations in individuals deficient in this vitamin. There is also evidence that supplementation can reduce asthma attacks in those with low vitamin D levels, necessitating further research on its effects in patients with adequate levels.
3. Vitamin E
As a potent antioxidant, vitamin E may help lower the risk of lung cancer by reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, supplementation has been shown to enhance lung function in those with exercise-induced asthma. However, results may vary across different populations, requiring broader clinical trials.
4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
The anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids can play a vital role in lung health. They have been shown to improve lung function and decrease ICU stays for patients suffering from acute lung injury. Further research is needed to expand upon these findings.
5. N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
NAC serves as an antioxidant and a mucolytic agent, which assists in thinning mucus. It is recognized by the FDA as a treatment for certain conditions like cystic fibrosis and COPD, demonstrating potential in enhancing lung function and reducing exacerbations. More extensive clinical trials are encouraged for validation.
6. Magnesium
Although not routinely recommended for asthma, intravenous magnesium sulfate can be utilized in acute exacerbations in resistant cases. Findings on its effectiveness remain mixed, prompting further investigations.
7. Mullein
Mullein is a traditional remedy for respiratory issues and may possess anti-cough and expectorant qualities. Initial lab studies suggest that it may inhibit bacterial growth linked to respiratory infections, yet comprehensive clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy in humans.
8. Boswellia
Renowned for its anti-inflammatory properties, Boswellia has been utilized in folk medicine for respiratory ailments. Current research indicates that it may decrease the need for asthma medication, but further studies are needed to establish its therapeutic effectiveness and safety.
9. Probiotics
Recent studies have highlighted the connection between gut health and lung function, known as the “gut-lung axis.” Probiotics may help reduce symptoms and complications associated with respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Ongoing research is essential to identify optimal strains and dosages for lung health benefits.
10. Quercetin
This flavonoid, found in fruits and vegetables, boasts antioxidant effects and may assist in enhancing recovery from respiratory conditions, such as COVID-19. There is potential for quercetin supplements to aid in reducing symptom severity, but further rigorous studies are required to substantiate these claims.
Selecting the Right Lung Supplement
When considering lung supplements, it is crucial to choose products that meet rigorous quality standards. Look for certifications from independent organizations and ensure the ingredients do not cause allergic reactions. Consult a healthcare professional before adding any supplement to your regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are on other medications.
Safety and Potential Side Effects
While many supplements can be beneficial, they may also pose risks or interact with medications. Here are some key safety considerations:
- Vitamin C: High doses may cause gastrointestinal disturbances.
- Vitamin D: Excessive intake may result in calcium overload leading to kidney problems.
- Vitamin E: High doses are associated with increased bleeding risks.
- N-acetylcysteine: Can cause nausea and potential allergic reactions in some cases.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Large doses may lead to immune suppression.
- Probiotics: Should be used with caution in immunocompromised individuals.
Lifestyle Choices to Enhance Lung Health
In addition to supplements, adopting healthy habits can further support lung function:
- Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke.
- Limit contact with air pollutants.
- Engage in regular physical activity.
- Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
- Stay hydrated.
- Practice deep breathing exercises.
When to Consult a Healthcare Provider
If you encounter persistent respiratory issues, such as chronic cough, shortness of breath, or unusual mucus production, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional. Early intervention can be critical in managing respiratory conditions effectively.
Conclusion
Supplements that enhance lung health predominantly do so by decreasing inflammation. However, extensive human studies are needed to assess their safety and effectiveness comprehensively. Open conversations with your healthcare provider, alongside healthy lifestyle changes, can play a vital role in sustaining lung health.
